The increasing global prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline has intensified the search for alternative, safe, and effective neurotherapeutics. Aromatherapeutic essential oils, rich in pharmacologically active phytoconstituents, are being recognized for their neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties. This study investigated the effects of essential oils from Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Boswellia sacra using a pharmacognostic framework involving physicochemical characterization, GC-MS profiling, and in vivo neurobehavioral testing in Wistar rats. Behavioral tests such as the Morris Water Maze and biochemical assays measuring oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD) and acetylcholinesterase activity demonstrated significant improvements in memory, antioxidant defense, and cholinergic function following essential oil treatment. GC-MS results confirmed the presence of key compounds such as linalool, cineole, and α-pinene, known for modulating neurotransmission and reducing neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that standardized essential oils hold promise as complementary therapeutics in cognitive disorders and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.