abstract

In batch-type adsorption operations, a predetermined quantity of adsorbent is mixed with a fixed volume of contaminated water or a specific solution of adsorbate until the concentration of the contaminant or adsorbate in the aqueous phase meets a specified target level or is completely removed. The amount of adsorbent and the contact duration are adjusted according to the process requirements. After adsorption, the adsorbent may be disposed of or recycled for future use. Factors such as the concentration of adsorbate species, agitation speed, quantity of adsorbent, and particle size significantly influence the time required to achieve equilibrium. Batch adsorption processes typically involve either single-stage or multi-stage counter-current operations. Single-stage operations, suitable for treating small volumes of wastewater, utilize fill-and-draw processes. Multi-stage operations, employed for larger volumes, involve series configurations alternating between fill and treat modes. Powdered adsorbents are commonly used in such processes to enhance surface area and reduce diffusion resistance within pores. Numerous contaminants have been effectively removed using batch techniques in various applications.