abstract

The Ganga River, a lifeline for millions in India, is facing severe microbial contamination due to untreated sewage discharge, particularly in urban centers like Haridwar. This study investigates the levels of microbial contamination, including fecal coliforms and pathogenic bacteria, in the Ganga River water in Haridwar and evaluates the associated public health risks. Water samples were collected from multiple locations along the river, and microbial analysis was conducted using standard microbiological techniques. The results revealed alarmingly high levels of fecal coliforms and pathogenic bacteria, exceeding permissible limits set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The study identifies sewage discharge as the primary source of microbial contamination and highlights the urgent need for improved sewage treatment infrastructure and public health interventions to mitigate the risks posed by contaminated river water.