abstract

This study examines the impact of post-independence developmental policies in India on tribal people in rural and urban areas. The research focuses on the challenges faced by these communities due to geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural factors. The Indian government has implemented various programs to improve the social and economic conditions of indigenous populations, including land rights, education, healthcare, employment, and infrastructure. The study evaluates welfare schemes, such as the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) and the Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP), to assess the development outcomes of tribal people in urban and rural areas. The research uses a mixed-methods approach to examine resource availability, policy efficacy, and socioeconomic results in rural and urban areas. Urban indigenous populations face cultural assimilation and identity issues, while rural indigenous populations face discrimination in land confiscation, poor healthcare, and educational opportunities. The authors suggest closing these gaps by proposing policies tailored to the unique needs of indigenous populations in both urban and rural settings. This research contributes to India's growing understanding of indigenous peoples' rights, social justice, and sustainable development.