abstract

This paper critically examines the interplay of education and women’s empowerment in Manju Kapur’s novel Difficult Daughters, a narrative set against the backdrop of India’s struggle for independence. The novel intricately weaves themes of gender, education, patriarchy, and societal expectations, showcasing how education acts as both a liberating and confining force for women. Kapur portrays the protagonist, Virmati, as a symbol of resistance against traditional norms while simultaneously grappling with the consequences of her choices. Through Virmati’s pursuit of education and autonomy, the novel reveals the paradoxical nature of empowerment in a society steeped in rigid traditions. The paper seeks to evaluate how Kapur’s depiction underscores the pivotal role of education in shaping women’s identities and the barriers they face in achieving true empowerment. By exploring the intersections of personal agency, family dynamics, and societal constraints, this study offers insights into the evolving role of education in the broader discourse on women’s rights in India.